Normative theories on ethics on whistleblowing essay. Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted with consequentialist or teleological ethical theories, according to which the rightness of an action is determined by its consequences. Theories of business ethics virtue ethics capitalism. Institutional issues involving ethics and justice vol. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas. Normative ethical theory is the branch of philosophy concerned with formulating and evaluating theories of moral rightness and moral goodness. In this article it is argued that an adequate normative ethics has to contain the following five elements. People use descriptive ethics as a way to judge particular actions as good or bad based on the social contract of a particular society. Normative ethical theory underwent a period of refinement in some areas and proliferation in others during the 20th century. Act utilitarianism versus rule utilitarianism in philosophy. The varieties of ethical theories given at buffalo psychiatric center march 27, 1979 by richard t. It addresses the meaning of ethical terms such as right, duty, obligation, justification, morality, responsibility.
Life happiness ability to accomplish goals two ways to view world selfish point of view. The ethical egoism is a teleological theory that posits, an action is good if it produces or is likely to produce results that maximize the persons selfinterest as defined by him, even at the expense of others. Hegels nomothetic ethics, sartreis actional ethics, etc. Five elements of normative ethics a general theory of.
Normative ethics is distinct from meta ethics because it examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions, while meta ethics studies the. Refined over centuries of careful reflection on the human and human experience, knowledge, and capability, these theories define the field. Normative theorists like to divide normative theories into classes. Each theory emphasizes different points a different. Normative theories on ethics on whistleblowing essay sample. Finally in the realm of normative ethics, there is applied ethics. Morality of an action consists of the ratio of good to evil that the action produces. Introduction to ethical theories linkedin slideshare. But ethics and the construction of ethical appearances i argue are very different and in the final part of the paper i draw upon the work of levinas to offer a counter view of the ethical capabilities of the person which is the complete antithesis of the assumed individualism of agency theory. The application of normative theories and standards to practical moral problems is the concern of applied ethics.
Ethical theories have always been of central importance to philosophy, and remain so. Make ethical ideas accessible to students with a clear presentation, ethics. Arkaduiz liber march 2012 slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Definition of ethics 1 the discipline of dealing with what is good and bad, with moral duty and obligation a set of moral principles or values the principle of conduct governing an individual or group websters ninth new collegiate dictionary. This article defends a variety of positions in both normative moral theory and metaethics. Normative ethics normative ethical theories academic room. As compared to other journalistic ethical philosophies, ethics of care and community seems to be grounded more so in.
I ethics fundamentals and approaches to ethics chen te encyclopedia of life support systems eolss a similar point can be made concerning the view that only humans are of any moral concern. As for every normative ethical theory, there are different variations. Such theories arise in religion, spiritual traditions, philosophy, socialpoliticalhistorical systems, literature and the humanities, social. Theory and practice educates readers about ethical theory and has them apply what they learn to specific classic and contemporary moral problems lying, cheating, establishing ethical business practices, honoring ethical obligations in medicine, etc. Analysis of the language, concepts and methods of resoning in ethics. It is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking. Ethical theories slide 1 introductory slide ethical theories provide part of the decisionmaking foundation for decision making when ethics are in play because these theories represent the viewpoints from which individuals seek guidance as they make decisions.
Introduction to ethical studies an open source reader lee archie john g. Pdf three general theories of ethics and the integrative. When enquiry is directed towards the principles of moral judgement or the criteria for the ethical analysis of morality, then we talk about fundamental ethics. Pdf ethics and ethical theories from an islamic perspective. It is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking normative ethics is distinct from meta ethics because it examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions, while meta ethics studies the meaning of moral language and the metaphysics of. Theories prominent in the 19th century, such as utilitarianism, underwent refinement in light of criticisms. Standard theories well established, universally recognized sources of authority in ethics and morality. The choice between consequentialist and kantian ethics is a dif. Such theories attempt to state the features in virtue of which morally right actions are morally right and.
Consequentialism maintains that the majority of an action depends on the nonmoral consequences that the action brings about. Categorical imperative of immanuel kant kantianism is an ethic of duty. Deontological theories set forth formal or relational criteria such as equality or impartiality. We will accomplish this by reading representatives from each of the three normative families aristotle virtue ethics, john s. Normative ethics is the study of what you should or should not do.
Theories such as relativism, utilitarianism, egoism, deontology, the divine command theory, and the virtue ethics, are all products of western understanding of what ethics are and how they are. Normative ethics the systematicphilosophical justification of moral intuitions teleological or, consequentialism rightness is determined by the consequences of an action hedonism egoism utilitarianism deontological rightness is an intrinsic feature of some actions natural law theory stoicism divine command theory. The role of ethics in the development of a community. Courses in ethics are taught in colleges and universities at all levels, and ethical theory is the organizing principle for all of them. Morality derives from the latin moralis meaning customs or manners. To find such a third way in normative ethics, one has to analyze the elements of these classical theories and to look if they are justified. To know ethics and morality, you must know these theories.
Normative theories of practical philosophy springerlink. Normative ethics is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking. Deontology, teleology, consequentialism and characterbased ethics are not in themselves ethical theories they are types of ethical theory. The varieties of ethical theories, buffalo psychiatric center, march 27, 1979. The relationship between ethics theory and morality. Commonly we speak of people being ethical or moral to mean good or right and unethical and immoral to mean wrong or bad. Each of these claims can be refuted with a single counterexample. Whistleblowing in this context is the act, for an employee, disclosing what he believes to be an unethical or illegal behaviour to higher management internal whistleblowing or to an external authority or the public external whistleblowing. It is possible for people in one group to hold a different set of morals than people in another group.
Nonnormative ethics definition of nonnormative ethics by. And that is precisely the conclusion wood wants to defend in chapters 5 and 6, that when it comes to material or teleological theories of ethics, fichte wholly agrees with kant in rejecting all such theories 2016, p. The ethics of care and community journalistic approach to ethics is one of the lesser known ethical theories utilized by journalists today. In other words, the notion of a profession is understood in its narrow sense. Ethics four branches 3 metaethics the study of ethical terms, statements and judgements. Ethics comes from the greek ethos meaning character.
Each practitioner, upon entering a profession, is invested with the responsibility. Categorical imperative in the ethics of kant is the absolute command of the moral law. According to the kantian, what are really good or bad are not the consequences of our actions, but the actions themselves. Theories of ethics thomas lombardo within human history and continuing into present times, we. It is therefore, above all, a practical discipline. On the other hand, there is the distinction between normative theories which evaluate everything, whether it be a policy, an action, a law, or a trait of character, according to the value of the consequences it produces, and normative theories which at least sometimes evaluate some things. In other words, normative ethics is concerned with and examines moral claims. Theories of ethics center for future consciousness. In his methods of ethics, henry sidgwick examines three kinds of metaethical theory. Deontological ethics wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Three types of professional ethics professional ethics is a term that can be understood in different ways. Moral standards represent the most fundamental and general principles that underlie normative ethical theories. They say 1 that all right acts have a certain property and 2 that all acts that have that property are right. The article tries to inquire a third way in normative ethics between consequentialism or utilitarianism and deontology or kantianism.
So, human beings use the natural world as a slave or an instrument merely for. Examples of normative ethical claims would include. Giving to charity is good, but not ethically mandatory. Ethics is a study of what are good and bad ends to pursue in life and what it is right and wrong to do in the conduct of life.
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